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United States Air Force - Inter War
Aviation Art Prints  Aviation Artists Stan Stokes US Aviation  Between the Wars |
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Billy Shows Them by Stan Stokes. In the period following WW I, Americas military spending was severely curtailed. The Air Service of the United States Army, which had performed admirably in the latter stages of the War, was treated like an unwanted child. The Air Service had detractors within the regular Army, the Navy, and the Naval Air Service. Rivalry between the Navy and Army was fierce during these times, and competition for the limited amount of funds available for defense spending further intensified matters. Brigadier General Billy Mitchell was one of the senior officers in the US Army Air Service. A veteran of WW I, Billy was an outspoken advocate of the Air Service. Mitchell requested permission to attempt to sink the German dreadnought Ostfriesland in a demonstration off the Virginia coast. The Navy was anxious to discredit the Air Service, and even within the Army itself there were many rooting against Mitchell. Mitchells commanding officer ordered him to attack the Ostfriesland from a minimum altitude of 5000 feet, and to utilize nothing greater than 1000 lb bombs. Mitchells first attempt was not successful, but on his second attempt on June 21, 1921 he disobeyed his direct orders and used 2,000 pounders dropped from low altitude. These bigger bombs shattered the hull plates of the German ship and she sank in about twenty minutes. This infuriated the Navy, which did not anticipate this result, and also resulted in Mitchell being demoted to Colonel. For the attack Mitchell utilized six Curtis MB-2 twin-engine bombers. The MB-2 was developed by Curtis in response to the Armys request in 1917 for a medium-range bomber superior to anything available at that time. The MB-1 first flew in 1918, and in 1919 an improved variant, the MB-2, took to the air. Following the crash of the USN airship Shenandoah, Mitchell publicly criticized Admiral Moffett, head of the Navys Air Service. He also strongly criticized senior Army officers due to the terrible safety record for the Air Service. These remarks lead to the much publicized court marshall of Billy Mitchell. Mitchell was found guilty and stripped of his rank, and suspended from duty for a period of five years. Despite this set back, Mitchell continued to lobby for both a safe and strong independent Air Force. He was convinced that the outcome of the next major world conflict would be determined by air power. Many of Mitchells ideas would ultimately be implemented, and he is generally acknowledged to be the Father of the modern American Air Force. |
Quite a Pair by Stan Stokes. The US Navys first two effective aircraft carriers were the USS Lexington and the USS Saratoga; both converted from battle cruiser hulls in 1927. The Lexington, CV-2, was built in Quincy, Massachusetts, and commissioned in December of 1927. The Saratoga, CV-3, was built in Camden, New Jersey and commissioned in November of 1927. During fleet exercises in the early 1930s the capabilities and limitations of these two great ships had a huge impact on the evolution of carrier tactics. The speed of these big carriers allowed them to operate as an independent task force, and they would therefore need to carry an air group that would provide for a balance between offensive and defensive forces. The Lexington was in the Pacific during the attack on Pearl Harbor. She was involved in raids on Japanese strongholds in the southwestern Pacific in early 1942. She joined the Yorktown in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Her aircraft participated in attacks on the Japanese carriers Shoho, Shokaku, and Zuikaku. On May 8 the Lady Lex herself was the target of Japanese carrier aircraft. She took three bomb hits, and two torpedo hits. She was scuttled by her crew, becoming the first carrier lost by the US during the War. The Saratoga was in San Diego when the Pearl Harbor attack occurred. She served admirably in the Pacific sustaining repairable damage on several occasions. She took leave of the Pacific theater for a year to assist the British. The Big E met an ignominious demise as part of the Bikini Atoll atomic bomb tests. Showing her toughness she survived the first blast she was exposed to, but an underwater blast from only 500 yards away sunk the ship in August 1946. The Saratoga and the Lexington are depicted in Stan Stokes painting during maneuvers in the early 1930s. A Boeing FB fighter passes overhead. The Boeing Aircraft was founded in 1916 and initially built floatplanes. The companys first contract for a fighter/pursuit aircraft came in 1921 when it won the contract to build the Thomas-Morse designed MB-3 fighter. Boeings engineers began developing a fighter of their own design that would utilize a welded steel tube frame instead of the normal wooden frame. The Army tested the Model 15 prototype in 1923. Although they liked many of the features the Army opted to purchase the competing Curtiss design. They did order a couple of the Boeing planes for testing, and about a year later they placed an order for 25 PW-9s. The Navy also decided in 1924 to purchase the design, designating it as the FB-1. Improved variants were designated FB-2/3/4/5/6 etc. Boeing built a total of nearly 600 aircraft in this family, making it one of the most widely produced aircraft in the between Wars era. The FB-2/3/4 variants included modifications for carrier use and a more powerful 510-HP Packard-IA engine. With the additional power, a taller rudder assembly was deemed necessary to provide adequate flight stability. The Navy ordered twenty-seven FB-5s and began taking deliveries in 1927. The upper wing of the FB-5 variant was moved forward while the lower wing was moved backwards. In addition a slightly more powerful Packard engine was utilized. |
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